Ultrasonic Testing of Materials

A Physical Principles of Ultrasonic Testing of Materials.- 1. Waves.- 2. Plane Sound Waves on Boundaries.- 3. Geometric Ultrasonic Optics.- 4. Wave Physics of Sound Field. The Sound Beam.- 5. Echo and Shadow of an Obstacle in the Sound Field.- 6. Attenuation of Ultrasonic Waves in Solids.- 7. Piezoelectric Methods of Generation and Reception of Ultrasonic Waves.- 8.* Other Methods for Transmitting and Receiving Ultrasound.- B Methods and Instruments for the Ultrasonic Testing of Materials.- 9. Intensity Methods.- 10. Pulse-Echo Method.- 11. Transit-Time Method.- 12.* Sound Emission Analysis.- C General Testing Technique.- 13. Coupling, Choice of Probe and Measuring Frequency.- 14. Interference Effect of Boundaries. Complex Sound Paths and Screen Patterns.- 15. Testing by Means of Transverse, Surface and Plate Waves.- 16. Determination of Shape and Size of Flaws.- 17. Interference by External High-Frequency and Ultrasonic Sources.- 18. Organization of the Test. Staff and Training Problems.- 19. Testing Installations and Evaluation of Test Results.- D Special Test Problems.- 20. Flaw Detection on Metallic Specimens.- 21. Railway Material.- 22. Plate and Strip.- 23. Semi-Finished Products: Rods, Billets and Wires.- 24. Pipes and Cylinders.- 25. Castings.- 26. Welded Joints.- 27. Joints Produced by Rivetting, Glueing and Shrinking.- 28. Nuclear Reactors.- 29. Metals and their Special Testing Problems.- 30. Testing Problems on Non-Metallic Specimens.- 31. Determination of Position, Shape and Level.- 32. Measuring Methods Using Ultrasound.- 33. Standardization.- Appendix. Formulas, Diagrams and Tables.