The multidimensional ecological roles of essential oils

Essential oils (EOs) have multifaceted ecological roles, serving as natural alternatives to synthetic biocides. Extracted through various methods, EOs consist of complex mixtures of terpenes and aromatic compounds, offering diverse biological and physicochemical properties. They play vital roles in plant defense and have potential applications in human health and agriculture. However, their excessive exploitation can harm biodiversity. Encapsulation techniques help control EO volatility for enhanced antimicrobial efficacy. Sustainable EO production and utilization are essential for minimizing environmental impact. Further research is needed to evaluate their efficacy and safety in real-world conditions.