German Encounters with Modernity

The novels of Imperial Berlin comprise a body of material of immense historical richness. Their importance as a historical source lies in the intricate connections their authors make between the individual lives of characters, a modernizing city, and a newly unified nation. These connections - and the values and assumptions behind them - are the focus of this study. In creating these connections as fictional representations of their society, Berlin novelists not only reflected societal values but also were molding them by contributing to the social discourse in which they evolved. Taken together, their works constitute a significant piece in the complicated puzzle of how the society of Imperial Germany, as it underwent the social and economic upheavals of modernization, transformed the rule of traditional elites into new authoritarian forms. Using individual works to analyze fictional treatment of a spectrum of problems of nationhood and modernity, I argue that Berlin novelists were using their works for two significant social purposes: to search for a German identity that spoke to modern realities and to envision a particularly German revolution that would bring genuine national greatness. As the young nation matured, however, these visions became increasingly elusive. They were impeded, I suggest, by specific obstacles, including traumatic historical events, inherited cultural ideals, powerful mythologies, social anxieties, and political indifference. This book documents what Berlin novelists conceived as a struggle for Germany's soul - and traces the stages of its defeat.