Ethnozoology of Egede's "Most Dreadful Monster," the Foundational Sea Serpent

The sighting by the well-known missionaries and natural historians, Poul and Hans Egede, of an unrecognized marine animal off the coast of Greenland in 1734, which in their writings would be variably referred to as a "terribly big" or "very horrible" sea creature, or translated as a "most dreadful monster," is generally regarded as initiating the modern cultural phenomenon of sea serpents. The present ethnozoology study undertakes a detailed examination of this sighting which has become one of the most famous and influential encounters with an unidentified marine object (UMO) construed as being a sea monster. The approach taken is multidisciplinary, involving aspects of environmental history and historical ecology, contemporary zoology and conservation biology, as well as folklore and cultural history. Following an introduction to the early modern belief in Nordic sea monsters, a diachronic review is presented of 36 interpretations that have been advanced over three centuries by natural historians, natural scientists, cryptozoologists, biologists, and popular writers to explain the Egede UMO. Secondly, a new and careful parsing of the words and examination of the illustration of the encounter recorded by the eyewitnesses suggests two novel interpretations. In common with recent reevaluations of other sea serpent sightings, a case is made that the Egede UMO provides further evidence for the non-lethal entanglement of marine animals in pre-plastic fishing gear or hunting equipment. Furthermore, a new candidate for the animal behind the Egede UMO is suggested to be the basking shark. This is a species with a long history of being misconstrued as a sea monster, as reflected by its scientific name Cetorhinnus maximus, or "pointy-nosed monster of giant size." Thirdly, the pervasive cultural influence of the Egede encounter through time is reviewed, including two famous paleontological gaffes, later sea monster sightings, modern cryptozoology beliefs, and further examples of UMO's "afterlife" in contemporary imagination. The Afterword considers the possibility of precedents for the Egede UMO, as well as conjectures as to the fate of the entangled animal, before commenting on enduring mysteries of the sea. Finally, an appendix identifies locations where the further ethnozoological exploration of sea monsters can be undertaken.