Ethical Issues in Journalism and the Media

Ethical principles in modern day media and journalism are complicated and incorporate any number of situations going beyond simple corruption, or historical concepts of ethics. This book seeks to address the most pertinent ethical issues facing journalism and media and communications in general.For manifold reasons, including political or economic pressure from without, or corruption of management from within, media institutions do not necessarily adhere to accepted standards of ethics in publishing (or not publishing) certain subjects. Journalists, too, are not immune to corruption. There are larger questions that have been raised with the spread of globalization - is the news Western-centric? Is this ethical to superimpose the Western worldview on non-Western audiences? Certain types of situations or industries face wider scrutiny, particularly healthcare journalism and any reporting that concerns human rights - conflict, prisons, children. The proliferation (and manipulation) of images thanks to digital photography is particularly sensitive and subject to ethical standards. Another area of public life that has been touched by ethics over copyright issues is museums - should art belong to the public domain and freely accessible?This book will open with a discussion of the hegemonic influence of Western media; "Islamic and Western Perspectives on Applied Media Ethics" investigates whether ethical standards of Western journalism are fundamentally different from those of Islamic journalism. "Journalistic Ethics and Standards" delves into how journalism students believe the ethics of journalism as an institution to be compromised due to corporate and political pressure on media companies; their perception is that they are forced to renounce their ethical standards to conform to their bosses' "unscrupulous' demands." Continuing this theme is an editorial on "Propaganda, Ethics, and Media" in which the editor points out that these external influences and their selective divulgence or suppression of information have severely damaged the credibility of traditional media. Financial motivations for the publication of certain stories has long been an undercurrent of journalism that defies ethical principles. "Controversies on the Publishing of the Newspaper `Curentul'" provides a Romanian case study demonstrating the murky antecedents of a local journal. One of the most corrupt ways in which journalists' ethics can be compromised is in the receipt of money or gifts. "Journalism Ethics and Acceptance of Gifts" approaches this topic from the journalist's point of view, finding that acceptance of gifts is actually quite rare. We will also examine how audiences are swayed by incorrect information, supplied by the government or organizations to the media to be related to the wider public. The widely criticized U.S. invasion of Iraq was approved in large part because of the "lies" that the American government fed to the press - an entirely unethical situation. "Free Speech, Freedom of the Press, and the Tapestry of Lies" reveals the extent to which the journalistic principles of ethics were compromised. Some stories that feature prominently in news cycles can be "distorted" by journalists' (or news organizations') preconceptions- this raises the question as to how biased journalists are in covering the story. "The Times and General Motors" provides an in-depth case study into how these preconceptions can inaccurately portray events in an unethical way, shaping audience understanding.Another issue that arises that compromises the ethical standards of journalism is the tendency to sensationalize or otherwise influence news in a biased way. "Quality Popular Newspapers" analyzes twenty-four Brazilian newspapers for evidence of these systemic problems. Increasingly, the Internet is used as a news or information outlet, opening a whole new avenue of ethical problems. Social and digital media have provided new conduits for organizations, individuals, and corporations to communicate with the public, but it comes at a price. Historically, "Ethics in Old and New Journalism Structures" posits, news and newspapers served to report on politics. As the scope of journalism has increased, so the system of the ethics of reporting have had to expand. It follows that there will be a paradigmatic shift in ethics as the medium continues to evolve, most notably into the digital sphere. One positive outcome of the florescence of social media has been to reduce this "contamination," or corporate/political influence on the media, thereby reducing questionable ethical policies. "Does social media reduce `corporate media influence' on journalism?" looks at this phenomenon from a Turkish perspective. The publication of images in the news media is a subject particularly sensitive to ethical debate. Before the digital revolution, the point of contention lay solely in what it is ethical to show - dead bodies, people photographed without consent - the debate has expanded to include digital manipulation of photographs. "Manipulation, Professional Practices and Deontology in Informational Photography" discusses this. The authors of "Freedom of Photography" believe that freedom of photography should be governed, not only by institutional bodies, but also by ethical principles. It is a fraught subject in Malaysia, where their case study takes place, as press freedom has historically been curtailed. Hate speech is an unfortunate but very real by-product of press freedom. While freedom of speech does allow hate speech, is it ethical to allow it in journalism? During Kenya's election cycles, ethnic hatred erupts, into the news. Digital media facilitates hate speech further. "Digitized Ethnic Hate Speech" presents this case study as an example of the dark side of press freedom. Digital collections of hitherto closely guarded museum images are being made available online to a wider public, leading to a "democratization" of museums. The ethics of releasing these collections are still up for debate, as "Digital Museum Collections and Social Media" and "The Public Domain vs. the Museum" show. Is it ethical to retain copyright of important works of art? Or do these works truly belong to the public? As evidenced by "The Ethical Crossroads in the Age of the `New Media,'" journalists are faced with new challenges, amongst them ethical dilemmas, as a result of this transition to digital journalism. Ethical reportage of healthcare and medical treatments is an issue. It can happen that potential dangers and drawbacks of new treatments are glossed over by hyperbolic enthusiasm. Or, that an illness' severity can be grossly exaggerated by the media. "Deep Brain Stimulation in the Media" offers a solution to this dilemma - involve journalists and scientists in ethical debates over new treatments to avoid misunderstanding. Another solution to this problem would be to educate journalists specifically in global public health reporting, as the research study in "Integrating Journalism and Public Health to Promote Training and Education on Global Health Reporting" demonstrates.The digital world has enabled organizations to communicate directly with audiences, bypassing the traditional journalist-organization relationship. Healthcare is perhaps faced with more ethical issues than most industries - relating patient stories and images is a sensitive subject, but it can be incredibly useful for the wider public as well as the medical community. "First Do No Harm" explores this in depth. Finally, we will conclude this book with a discussion of how the standards of ethics in journalism could be set and maintained in a global context, by peering at the concept through the lens of historicity, in "Global Journalism Ethics."