Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans

Marine debris is a serious environmental problem. To do its part, the United States has agreed to abide by the international treaty for garbage control at sea, known as MARPOL 73/78 Annex V.Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans explores the challenge of translating Annex V into workable laws and regulations for all kinds of ships and boats, from cruise ships to fishing crafts and recreational boats. The volume examines how existing resources can be leveraged into a comprehensive strategy for compliance, including integrated waste management systems and effective enforcement.Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans describes both progress toward and obstacles to Annex V compliance. The book covers:How shipborne garbage orignates and what happens to garbage discharged into the seas.Effects of discharge on human health, wildlife safety, and aesthetics.Differences in perspective among military, industrial, and recreational seafarers and shoreside facilities.Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans will be important to marine policymakers, port administrators, ship operations officers, maritime engineers, and marine ecologists.Table of ContentsFront MatterEXECUTIVE SUMMARYFATES AND EFFECTS OF MARINE DEBRISTHE VESSEL GARBAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMEDUCATION AND TRAININGOVERARCHING ISSUESRECOMMENDATIONS FOR GOVERNMENT ACTIONNational LeadershipCoast GuardNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)Maritime Administration (MARAD)1 Dimensions of the Challenge and U.S. ProgressINTERNATIONAL AND U.S. MANDATESPROGRESS IN U.S. IMPLEMENTATION OF ANNEX VU.S. Navy ComplianceState InitiativesPilot Programs by Community and Environmental GroupsSpecial Situations: The Gulf of MexicoTHE CHALLENGES AHEADREFERENCES2 Sources, Fates, and Effects of Shipborne GarbageIDENTIFYING VESSEL GARBAGE IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENTSOURCES OF SHIPBORNE GARBAGERecreational BoatsCommercial FisheriesCargo ShipsSmall Public VesselsOffshore Industry Rigs, Platforms, and Supply VesselsPassenger Cruise ShipsResearch VesselsGeneral ObservationsImplications for Special AreasImplications for Implementation of Annex VHuman Health ProblemsEcological EffectsEntanglement of Marine AnimalsIngestion of Plastics by Marine SpeciesSUMMARYREFERENCES3 ImplementationHAZARD EVOLUTION MODELInterventions to Remedy the HazardTechnological InnovationsOrganizational and Operational ChangesEducational CommunicationEconomic IncentivesApplication of the Model to the Seafarer CommunitiesSUMMARYREFERENCES4 Elements of an Implementation StrategyINTRODUCTIONIntelligenceAnalysis of InterventionsIntelligenceControlAnalysis of InterventionsIntelligenceControlAnalysis of InterventionsIntelligenceIntelligenceControlIntelligenceControlAnalysis of InterventionsControlAnalysis of InterventionsIntelligenceAnalysis of InterventionsIntelligenceControlAnalysis of InterventionsREFERENCES5 Integrating Vessel and Shoreside Garbage ManagementPRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENTSource ReductionOn-Board StorageShoreside RecyclingCompactorsComminuters, Pulpers, and ShreddersIncineratorsEnhancing Shipboard Technology Development and UseGARBAGE MANAGEMENT IN PORTSGarbage Management StrategiesENHANCING THE VESSEL GARBAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMQuarantine RequirementsPort AccountabilityLiabilityWho Should Pay?SUMMARYREFERENCES6 Education and TrainingPublic Awareness CampaignsManagement Education and TrainingEXPERIENCE BASE RELATED TO ANNEX VMarine Debris Information OfficesEfforts Targeting BoatersPort ProjectsEfforts Involving IndustryPublic Awareness ProgramsInformation ExchangeA MODEL ANNEX V EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMLeadershipSecure FundingSUMMARYREFERENCESTHE NEED FOR LEADERSHIPU.S. ENFORCEMENT OF ANNEX VClarify Extent of Port State AuthoritiesSimplify Handling of Civil CasesTrack and Punish Repeat ViolatorsMonitor Garbage Handling PracticesSurveillance by Ship OperatorsISSUES RELATED TO SPECIAL AREASImplementation of Annex V in the Wider CaribbeanSUMMARYREFERENCES8 Measuring Progress in Implementation of Annex VRECORD KEEPING AS A MEASURE OF IMPLEMENTATIONAssessing Annex V Implementation InternationallySurveys of Beach DebrisMonitoring Trends in Biological ImpactsMonitoring Plastics in the Marine EnvironmentBenthic Surveys of Plastic DebrisData Collection and ManagementREFERENCES9 National StrategyIDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING STRATEGIES AND TACTICSRecreational Boats and Their MarinasCommercial Fisheries and Their Fleet PortsCargo Ships and Their Itinerary PortsPassenger Day Boats, Ferries, and Their TerminalsSmall Public Vessels and Their Home PortsOffshore Platforms, Rigs, Supply Vessels, and Their Shore BasesNavy Surface Combatant Vessels and Their Home PortsPassenger Cruise Ships and Their Itinerary PortsResearch Vessels and Their Ports of Call10 Federal Action to Improve Implementation of Annex VSCIENTIFIC MONITORINGVESSEL/SHORE INTERFACEON-BOARD TECHNOLOGIESENFORCEMENTEDUCATION AND TRAININGNATIONAL LEADERSHIPAPPENDIXESAPPENDIX A Committee on Shipborne Wastes Biographical InformationRegulation 1Regulation 4Regulation 5Regulation 6Regulation 71 Introduction and definitions2 Training, education and information3 Minimizing the amount of potential garbage4 Shipboard garbage handling and storage procedures5 Shipboard equipment for processing garbage6 Port reception facilities for garbage7 Ensuring compliance with Annex VAppendix Form for reporting alleged inadequacy of port receptionfacilities for garbageRevised Guidelines for the Implementation of Annex V of MARPOL73/781 Scope2 Definitions3 Materials and manufacture4 Operating requirements5 Operating controls7 Tests9 MarkingMinimum information to be providedA2 - Fire protection requirements for incinerators and wastestowage spacesA4 - Flue gas temperatureAnnexAPPENDIX C The International Law of the Sea: Implications for AnnexV ImplementationCOASTAL STATE AUTHORITIESPORT STATE CONTROLMORE GENERAL OBLIGATIONSSTRENGTHENING THE FORCE OF IMO RULESAPPENDIX D Time Line for U.S. Implementation of Annex VAntarctic OceanThe Baltic SeaCaribbean SeaGulf of MexicoPersian GulfRed SeaREFERENCESENTANGLEMENT OF MARINE SPECIESINGESTION OF PLASTICS BY MARINE SPECIESGHOST FISHINGREFERENCESIndex