Queen breeding and genetics

Breeders and producers of queens need a handbook which describes the background of their work. It can only be done if ou know the techniques of rearing queens and judging the results. You must know the genetics of the bees, too, because it enables you to plan the maintenance and improvements of your stock. The aim of this book is to help the practical people who rear queens. The author has written books and articles of beekeeping since 1983, see www.eigilholm.dk.Content of Queen Breeding and Bee Geneticspreface51. production of queens6The basis of queen production6Methods of queen rearing7Grafting8The calendar8The cell builder9The breeder colony10Grafting tools10Grafting procedure11Transfer to the cell builder12Incubation12How to obtain young bees14Marking of queens14Transport cage and candy16Shipping172. mating nucs18How to use the nuc19Continous management of a nuc21Clearing after the mating season213. alternative metods221. The queen production and breeding of Poul Erik Sørensen222. Queen right cell builder243. The starting box method254. mating stations26Organization of the queen breeding26Drone producers28Placing of the mating nucs29One-comb nuc30How to remove drones31Transport31How to treat the mated queens315. instrumental insemination33Types of insemination33Insemination in genetic research33On techniques of insemination33Drones and their sperm346. how to get better bees38The ABC of breeding381. The aims of breeding382. Judgment383. Selection384. Crossing396. Maintenance397. aims of breeding and judgment40Marks used for judging bee colonies41Comments to the marks42Marks of the year43How to use the marks43Other judgments43Judges44Environment and judgment448. queen breeding and genetics45The genetic consequences of the mating behaviour46Congregational areas479. how to make a pedigree48The danish breeders pedigree4910. bee cytology and genetics50The cell51The genes51The anatomy of the gene53The genome and how to read it53Microsatellites55Maternel and parentel heritage56Mitochondria5711. meiosis and genes58Dominant and recessive alleles58Mating and segregation60Mating in populations62Co-dominance62Mendel’s firs law6212. mendel’s second law64Segregation of two gene pairs64Why are bees different66Linkage and cross-over66Mendel´s second law6813. sex alleles, additive genes, nature and nurture69Effect of the number of sex alleles70Additive genes71Mutations71Inbreeding and heterosis73Nature and nurture73The relative importance of genes and environment74Heritability7414. bee races and evolution75The origin of races76Nature is changing77Races78The fate of the races78How to use the races79Morphological characters of races80Genetic examination of races8015. breeding82The Buckfast bee82Combination Breeding, an overview82Selection83Crossing strategy83Testing84Maintenance of stocks85Stocks for drone production86Closed populations8616. A German breeding system8717. the future89litterature90INDEX91Fil størrelse: 1817 KB