Introduction to Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is the study of the relationships between Heat (thermos) and Work (dynamics). Thus it deals with energy interactions in physical systems. A new approach is introduced to the subject of Thermodynamics in which the supporting mathematics is kept to a minimum and thermodynamic situations and devices are described in terms of concepts that can be easily visualized. Chapters one, two and three cover basic definitions and concepts. Chapter four is devoted to the first law and is somewhat longer than any chapters on this subject. Conservation of mass is also introduced in this chapter, and an attempt is made to show the relationship of E = m c2 to macroscopic thermodynamics. Chapter five deals with the Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements, the Carnot cycle, and the thermodynamic scale of temperature. This leads to chapter six where the inequality of Clausius is introduced and entropy is defined. The principle of the increase of entropy is also considered in this chapter. Chapter seven deals with the ideal gas and chapter eight deals with the mixture of ideal gases and vapors. Chapter nine deals with availability and irreversibility. The concepts of availability and irreversibility are very powerful tools for analysis, and increasing number of technical papers dealing with them is evidence that more engineers are appreciating their utility and importance. The process in reciprocating machinery are presented in chapter nine and cycles in chapter ten. The topics in chapter twelve covers a one-dimensional flow through nozzles and orifices, and axial flow through blade passages. Chapter thirteen deals with Maxwell relations, equations of state, and generalized charts. Chapter fourteen deals with chemical reactions with an emphasis on combustion. The enthalpy of the formation is introduced in this chapter. The third law of thermodynamics is introduced in order to give meaning to absolute entropy and this in turn is utilized in the second-law analysis of combustion processes.